But before then, somebody was charged with thinking about transitional issues, actually before the November election, and my question to you is whether, in your work in Treasury transition, you had relied on any work that had been done before? You can see it in real life at 3901 S. Michigan Avenue, about 20 minutes from the I might have a point of view about what those ought to be based on certain inputs I was receiving directly from the Hill and we need to work more on this or that. Casey resigned and it was vacant. But thats what Congress guys wanted. There was not a war going on. He managed himself beautifully and with great self-control, and Clinton had very little self-control. She inspired, continues to inspire, fierce loyalty and he doesnt. So it could be revived again tomorrow. Were you consulting with the President occasionally after you left Washington and came back to New York? Hundreds of meetings over many months, also similar to those original meetings, too many people, too long, too many people talking and so forth. Is this before the beginning of the year or. A lot of the talk was about the public credit markets responding, not so much the Fed. There was quite a discussion that day about long-term interest rates, as I said the credit markets rather than the Fed. Will policy differences be the reason that candidate X or candidate Y emerges with the nomination? Did you go to Little Rock for the election? She figured in some bumper stickers also. Tulip Brenner (Carol Burnett) tells off her sister-in-law (Peggy Ann Garner) in Robert Altman's "A Wedding." We just kept the pressure on the best we could. From the very beginning I was spending a lot of my time on the Presidents economic program. The first vote on one of Clintons issues was a defeat, which presaged a lot of the weakness that then afflicted him during 1993. He also had primary responsibility for Blackstones international business. How do you think Clinton ultimately is going to be read by historians, this Presidency? That raises the question then of the people he was meeting with here. But thats the type of thing the Deputy Secretary sometimes does, or when there are problems with the IRS. Yes, it was a help. I worked in the White House another three or four months, worked on, for example, the bailout of Washington, D.C., and then the passage of the new control board type legislation and then my kids got out of school in June. he is one of famous Financial professional with the age 75 years old group. Were seeing it today. I mean, not to take any credit away from other players, you wouldnt want to do that Im sure, but there must have been some. I mean, it can be in private, it can be in print, it can be any other way. It was not as big a change as it was advertised to be, or has been seen historically. The President and Vice President, I think it was Leon Panetta, and myself, one other person, he and I were standing there, looking out, it was a beautiful August night, not too hot, and it was just an amazing moment. Scientist, architect, botanist, Copyright 2023. President Clinton, in retrospect, his disavowals on some of his private life were almost certainly false and the way he handled the Lewinsky matter was about as bad as it could be because heessentially swore before the American people that he didnt do it, and of course then recanted. We had wonderful cooperation, at least in the Treasury. Here we are in June 2003 and the election as we all know is November 04, so its 16 months or so It was a mixture of people and some of the names I recall of course were George Stephanopoulos and Gene Sperling, Bob Rubin, Bob Reich, Rob Shapiro, myself. Anything in particular you recall that can flesh out the record? You couldnt say to yourself, Well in the end hell be fine. It should have been, I suppose, more evident at the time, but such things never are. Did you have a lot of organizational responsibilities, or it was a going concern when you. Clinton had plied the waters of the Democratic Party with great assiduousness for many, many years. You didnt need to be a management consultant to see they werent well organized. So I attribute that to just the fact that Woodward talked a lot to Greenspan, but that may be just an incorrect take on it. And it was very effective because a lot of the people who came were opinion makers and he made a tremendous impression. No, let me just correct the record. Altman gave I said I would and we went forward. Word comes up, you just say nothing. So Ira was, to some degree, as youve read thousands of times, off in the corner doing this whole plan. But you can imagine the irony of that comment because the Republicans to a man were opposing it because it is tax and spend economics, and the President is saying its going to go down because it is Wall Street economics. I mean, the worst recession since the Great Depression occurred in 1981 and 1982 and in the fall of 82, in early August, Reagan was being described as Herbert Hoover, politically dead, gone, might as well already make his reservations back to Santa Barbara and so forth. He seemed very tired, I remember that. I wasnt making a distinction between Clinton and his predecessors, but rather making a distinction between Clinton and his successors since there wont be any more. Its probably strange humor in this instance. So I knew early on, but only because Lloyd Bentsen was in effect telling me. We had a couple of others. Well help you over here We didnt have to have the President do every one of those. That certainly, in terms of social assistance to low-income working age people, that was a transformative administration. But part of our efforts were to get the Japanese to agree to certain pump-priming measures at home to lift domestic demand, increase the Japanese demand for imports, and better balance the current account relationship. For example, during the Lewinsky matter, the airways were filled with former Clinton officials expounding their views of President Clintons foibles and why he might have done this and this and that. I mean, by that time, the group that was advising him on economic policy had become reasonably well set. But then of course, I went home, my family was away, you walk home, you walk into your house, and its time to watch ESPN [Entertainment and Sports Programming Network] or whatever you do. You can have whatever conversations you want to have in private. Some of them, yes. I dont think there have been many members of Congress in the 20th centuryI would think of Lyndon Johnson, Russell Long, Richard Russell. Its possible that President Clinton rues the fact that 9/11 didnt occur on his watch, because it was a transforming crisis and did transform, at least to date, the present President. I want to ask one more question about the election because Ross Perots name hasnt come up and been explored. The next thing is a free-trade agreement, which I think the President could have dodged, he didnt have to go all out on that. Bob Rubin was the ultimate financial market person, knew the role of the Federal Reserve so well. I recall taking maybe one or two trips with him outside New York, mostly just for my own enjoyment, to see what it was like. I guess we have to just win then. Well, there was, like most administrations, kind of a running shakeup. WebCornerstone Recovering Community (11001 South Wentworth Avenue) located at 11001 South Wentworth Avenue, Chicago, IL 60628, United States is a drug rehab facility Can you talk about Perots influence on the campaign? Somebody was wrong. I wasnt there because I was an expert in international finance. If Im not mistaken, Paul Tsongas won New Hampshire? I wasnt sitting all by myself with him, but sure, there were various opportunities to be in relatively small groups with him. It certainly wasnt optimal. I attended Georgetown University and I was a year ahead of him. No. Georgetown was not a hotbed of political activism. Roger Altman is Founder and Senior Chairman of Evercore, the most active independent investment bank in the world today. Many people consider him, many of his opponents considered him to be setting new heights of insincerity and to have misrepresented a lot of his past. That happened, I want to say, late 93, that his nomination was effectively killed. When the voting began, we did not know if we were going to win. Yes, we could have had that. One of the many stunning things about it is the fact that none of those Republicans paid a price of any kind for that. First of all, the actual role of the Deputy Secretary as defined in the Treasury mission statement is to do what the Secretary of the Treasury asks him to. We talked a lot about the organization of economic policy-making and the role of the Treasury because I had a certain history. I went straight down to Washington and moved in, and I was there on the day the office opened, as were many other people. Then later in the process I was asked if I would go do a war room for healthcare of the type we did for the budget. Hes pointing to the right-hand column of theWall Street Journal. The office on Vermont Avenue probably opened between two and three weeks thereafter, lets say, picking a time, the 25th of November, just guessing, 20th to 25th. No, I went back the next day. He thought he could win over the majority of the Democrats, for example in the House, on NAFTA. Did you ever get the sense that there were some people who mystified him? Of course he has those who get invited to his ranch and those who dont. How difficult was it to raise money in the environment, Cuomo aside, just for somebody who had been a Governor of Arkansas in a campaign season when theres. Was it his personality? So Im sure therell be another independent counsel. Im not in the Senate. I mean, I just thought he was such a hero. Once she was put in charge of it, it obviously had tremendous internal focus. Those carve-outs were all done on a tripartite basis. What political or personal characteristics does she have that he doesnt have, what does she bring to the. He was very impressive. Arthur Burns was the chairman of the Fed. Youre referring to the environmental and labor side issues. Okay, the election occurred and, for reasons Ive never fully understood, Alice Rivlin and I were the first two to go down to see Clinton, of those he was looking at for appointment purposes. And, of course, the ATF agents didnt know what they were going to experience and he found himself exposed to an open line of fire. But Clintons worked largely because of the people, and mostly Bob Rubin, but anyway, it worked well. That was not a high point of the Clinton Presidency. So I did a lot of work representing the Treasury on any number of issues in the White House councils of deliberation. The buzz on Clinton, even then, among those few following it, was positive. Richard Nixon resigned from office. I think part of him saw an embrace of NAFTA as an opportunity to reestablish that he was a person of conviction, that he wasnt just in the pocket of the old traditional Democratic constituencies, wasnt just a tax-raiser and spender. It was a very simple letter that was done up for me and I sent it to everybody saying, Just so you know, the RTC has only these procedural options in matters like this, and we will be reaching a decision on which of them to do before the statute of limitations expires. We had had recent experience in which the President of the United States took very strong actions against the Japanese, with these agreed-upon quotas for U.S. exports, exports in autos to the U.S., I dont quite remember how longThat was negotiated certainly over the wishes of the Japanese but less than ten years. You had been given a portfolio before that time? I think John Kennedys famous line about Jefferson applies because he had nine simultaneous careers, and the Presidency was only one. No. People who liked Cuomo liked him a lot; people who didnt like him didnt like him at all, and it was about half-and-half. And I also think that theres a certain sense of loyalty among the people that are currently serving in this administration, which is more in keeping with tradition, than the Clinton folks, or many of them I should say, brought to it. This is a transcript of the interview, which you may watch here. And that was fairly late, right, when Bowles came in? Were still in the transition period, and now may be the appropriate time to talk about the process by which deficit reduction becomes a clear priority item over some of the other things that were talked about during the course of the campaign. I took a trip out to Oklahoma to visit the district of a Congressman from Oklahoma whose vote we needed, and ultimately I think we got. But he was at least alive. That was pretty damn effective. Yes, but the independent counsel is not a Clinton-era novelty. We had a bad one against the yen when the dollar touched an all-time low of 80 yen. So he didnt have the luxury of saying, Lets do it a year from now, as you often do with other things. I mean, it was just a morgue. If anything comes to mind that we havent talked about, that youd like to have included. Of course. But for reasons I dont fully understand, it goes in cycles, and we came into office at a time when an up cycle so to speak on partisanship was asserting itself. When we had the opportunity to sit down, our own leadershipyou mentioned Leon Panetta, for example, having been chosenand formulate a fresh set of estimates based on all the then latest data, and obviously reaching out to a whole host of experts, it became clear that the deficit outlook was considerably worse than we thought. Then I would have discussions with Clinton, usually on the fly, about certain economic issues I thought were important. For example, out of that Tokyo summit, bilateral summit, Clinton, [Kiichi] Miyazawa, or whoever the Prime Minister was at the moment, came a commitment from the Japanese to lower their current account deficit from what I think was 2.5 percent of GDP [Gross Domestic Product] to less than 2 percent. So you can imagine sitting next to Mrs. Clinton at dinner. Well, you know that whole thing turned out to be quite an astonishing fiasco with the ultimate FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] raid and the immolation of 80 Branch Davidians. Youre serving your country. So the traditional Democratic field has had in it a few candidates who represent that. He has his own views in private, of course. They didnt want tickets to the Kennedy Center, they wantedI want this for my tomato farmers, or I want this for my citrus growers. Then thered been prior independent counsels. Some of the cookies we use are essential for parts of the website to operate and cannot be switched off in our systems. Well, I dont recommend you have that experience, but once youve done it, you know what it is. She had a million task forces, but the senior one. Clinton moved quickly. Lets take five minutes and well come back for the rest of the morning session. That was a wonderful comment. That was in recognition of that. I went and visited the injured agents in the hospital. He was very disciplined and he went to bed at a certain time and he went home. Or should be, not will be, but should be. Also, strong figures, not weak figures. Robert Altman reflects on his college years with President William J. Clinton, 1992 election, Treasury transition, budget plans, Whitewater investigation, and North American Free Trade Agreement. I think well probably want to pick up there and find out about that experience. Against that test, a noncrisis Presidency, what can they achieve, under the extremely adverse politics of this time, thats been building up. Bob Rubin talked with great credibility about the bond market responding, and James Carville was so amusing for so long afterwards saying he wanted to come back in his next life and be the bond market because everybody paid such fealty to it. Youve had Chiefs of Staff, Don Regan comes to mind, who see themselves as all-powerful and go too far to one end of the spectrum, and youve had others like Mack, who are too deferential and too averse to confrontation and go too far in the other direction. some of these were extemporaneous, he had no notes, but he was quite an impressive speaker, I thought. It was an astounding speech. Some time around 1989 or so, Hillary Clinton went on the board. Sure, but I dont feel we can claim tremendous credit for much of that. No, I did not. I think those discussions, including that particular one, in retrospect, had a considerable effect on him. Right, but if you take too much pain up front. Is this time for horse-trading? Thats why I wonder whether there was some kind of perception, outside. In 1987, Mr. Altman joined The Blackstone Group as vice chairman, head of advisory business, and investment committee member. Theres also an institutional dimension to the atmosphere in Washington thats very important and distinguishes the current situation from the situation in which you governed, and that is the existence of an independent counsel. Tickets to the Kennedy Center and things of that nature, or is this too big a matter. McLarty called me in my hotel room in Tokyo and asked me if I would be willing to take in effect a leave of absence from the Treasury and go to manage a war room that they wanted to set up to try to get this bill passed, the Presidents economic program. I mean, not one encounter, until the early to mid 80s when I was quite involved in various aspects of the Democratic Party and there were a few forums at various places that I would attend and I would occasionally run into him. The bills up on the Hill and it is the object of tremendous controversy and heat and light. No, it was not at all. It turned out that the thing had really been left by the wayside and there was very little of the necessary planning that had gone into it and it was about two months off. Wed sit around in the Roosevelt Room, and you know how it works. On the other hand, in the Carter White House it worked very poorly. Japanese discussions were harder, but the G7 summit was fine, it was easy. That was the moment, that day. We nominated this guy, thought he was quite capable and in one of the wonderful ironies of Washington, the quixotic ironies of Washington, the Democrats defeated the nomination. Earlier in Little Rock, was she in attendance at any of these meetings? I want to be sure that there is a clear picture of that because he cant offer it himself. But in any event, Madison Guaranty had failed. After all, John Kennedy is seen in the middle by historians. Exactly. Roger Altman, chairman and founder at Evercore, discusses the state of the U.S. economy, the four things that need to be included in the next round of stimulus, and It should have, but it hasnt. As I remember, we gave that one to labor as a way to try to ease the pain, even though NAFTA called for that to happen. Now youre raising a subject that is an entirely different one, which is why was this so partisan and why were the Clinton years so partisan? Yes. But I think one misunderstood aspect of his embracing NAFTA wasat that point he was being widely criticized for lacking in principle, lacking in conviction, a weathervane all over the place politically. Because Clinton very shrewdly realized the respective strengths of Bentsen and Rubin and put each in the right job. Do you have the perception that there were some other instances where maybe this wasnt done? But my first point is that that entire team was out there promoting the Presidents economic package, both crisscrossing the country for that purpose, speaking, visiting Congressional districts and so forth, testifying on it of course, visiting one-on-one with members of Congress. What really happened was that the stimulus was entirely spending-side stimulus. So if you want to call it the politics of the economy, The labor unions were overwhelmingly opposed. The arrangements, as far as the White House, how it passes operation, and the Treasury operationshould that be seen as well coordinated, or is it difficult to coordinate? I knew a lot about Perot, having been heavily involved in Wall Street for many years. It was very stirring. Do you think that making this effort was driven by foreign policy considerations first and foremost, or was it genuinely an economic policy? He knew what was possible; he knew what wasnt possible. It was a good-sized ballroom here in New York. He was the head of the transition together with Vernon Jordan. I was elected twice vice president of my class. Were they talking broad strategy, were they keeping whip counts? Clinton chose in Bentsen, with the possible exception of [Robert] Dole, who obviously wasnt a candidate for this, the most experienced person in the entire United States Congress. The social side of it had almost nothing to do with it. So obviously by inauguration day hed largely assimilated them. Toward the end it was all about these four names or these six names and how do we get their votes. Before we come back to this, I want to pose one question and that is about the Presidents style when he was working the phones with members of the House. So yes, the themes were in the State of the Union. I started having to respond with a standard boilerplate response to the effect that the RTC has these procedural options and we were choosing among them. Did you have close relations with people in Cuomos operation, because I think, at least in the early stages, there was still a consideration that he might come out? So, the decision-making process was more than a bit chaotic, and the decision on the energy taxes was reflective of that. We just didnt know, and thats pretty amazing, the biggest piece of legislation, the voting has actually begun. Today it is seen as structural. Im a little too close to this, because Im not sure how history will view it. By the time 94 was over, the Congress was in Republican hands. There may have been, but I know I didnt feel it. Whether his actual conversation with Dick Morris about the Lewinsky matter is true or not, would the American people accept an apology? Yes. I mean, I saw a lot of the two of them and I became quite friendly with Hillary, and by the time I left the administration was actually much more friendly with Hillary than I was with the President, even though ironically Id obviously known him first. I mean, it was a larger package as it was originally conceived and then. On the policy issues at this point are you beginning to see any kind of evolution or any kind of establishment of governing priorities, or again, is this a question thats held off on until after the election? Id actually been politically active in high school, but my political involvements didnt extend beyond the campus. I believe it was a five-year statute of limitations and the expiration date was January 94 or February or something like that. In addition, Mr. Altman is a director of New Visions for Public Schools and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Exactly. Did you keep up with him when your paths parted? Did you think that they took those claims seriously, or was this pure politics? Under the normal circumstances, like Clintons, they have considerable difficulties in an adverse political environment to get anything done, and that is the more normal historical situation. For example, I said earlier, the National Economic Council is not a new idea at all, that the Ford administration had its version, Nixon had his version, and so forth. I was the natural person to do that, having served in it before. A group of four of us were named at the same time: Bentsen, Rubin, [Leon] Panetta, and myself. I doubt that youll see that. I was politically active, though. You get there and then you figure out what your actual sequence of initiatives is going to be. So the Congress decided to hold hearings on all aspects of Whitewater and, as everybody remembers, everyone from Maggie Williams to Harold Ickes to everybody had to testify. At the time we were working on it there was a sense on the Japanese side that it was a zero-sum game. As I recall the campaign of 1992, there were lots of policy debates amongst the Democrats. As I remember the NAFTA campaign was kicked off only a month or two later. Today, we serve a prominent and diverse set of clients and investors, including leading multinational corporations, large institutional investors and financial sponsors, and high net worth individuals. But it was a rather fluid, floating group. Once again, were grateful for your time. That was a factor. I spoke to the Oklahoma state legislature. I think each person makes his or her own decision. But I dont really think that was the reason that he voted for it, but only an hour before the vote in the Senate did we know we had his vote. It was a few votes, not one vote. Bentsen never lost an election, period, on which he was head of the ticket, ever. He said he wanted to tell me that the President had decided to appoint Bentsen to be Secretary of the Treasury and Rubin to be head of the National Economic Council. So the Carter White House was a bit at seavisvis the Federal Reserve and its role, how to relate to it. But with regard to deficit reduction. He said, I know this will be hard, but I think I can get those folks. So he was frantically calling members of Congress as various requests came in for him to do so. So there wasnt all that much time, maybe ten days, twelve days, between opening the office, showing up down there and then having the Treasury Secretary and the rest of the members of the economic team chosen. I think hes deeply appreciated. Oh yes, this is not long after the key members of the economic team are chosen. Mickey Kantor was in charge of the famous Little Rock Economic Summit. Mostly because Clinton put everyone in a room, for endless hours, to the point where most people wanted to drop and everybody was sitting there around the table. Sure, Greenspan was in favor of deficit reduction, so when the administration came forward with an actual deficit reduction plan, which, as we all know, was a bit unexpected, Greenspan supported it, testified for it and so forth. The following MondayI was out West actuallyI flew back to Washington and I believe I resigned on Wednesday. That was a period during which [Boris] Yeltsin was just coming onto the stage. Youre working on prospective personnel issues? Its a famous meeting in the sense that Woodward wrote a lot about it, other people have written about it. But, in any event, the presentations were very effective and that was, I think, the most important single day in the evolution of that original policy. 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