In May 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote for the communist French newspaper L'Humanit, "The hours count. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. In 1933, in his early teens, he became politically inflamed after hearing a street corner orator talk about Tom Mooney, a San Francisco labor leader who, said the speaker, had been unjustly . [41] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang registered their protest. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted, as were David Greenglass and Anatoli Yakovlev. Upon returning home later, Rojas claimed to have seen read more, The most successful and feared Confederate commerce raider of the war, the CSS Alabama, sinks after a spectacular battle off the coast of France with the USS Kearsarge. ETHEL ROSENBERG. He left the Communist Party to avoid suspicions. On April 5, Judge Kaufman sentenced them to death, and sentenced Sobell to 30 years in prison. Others question if the punishment was just for their crimes. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were the only spies executed during the Cold War and some question whether their sentence was fair. The arrests of Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg followed quickly in June and July, and Ethel was arrested in August. [11] By this time, following the invasion by Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet Union had become an ally of the Western powers, which included the United States after Pearl Harbor. John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. Fuchs was charged with violating the Official Secrets Act, and he confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. Between the trial and the executions, there were widespread protests and claims of antisemitism; the charges of antisemitism were widely believed abroad[citation needed], but not among the vast majority in the United States. On June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of conspiring to pass U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviets, are executed at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. They hoped merely by arresting her on these trumped-up charges, surely Julius would talk, because thats what everyone else had done.. He claimed that he was kidnapped by members of the Mexican secret police and driven to the U.S. border, where he was arrested by U.S. 2006. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. [17], On June 15, 1950, David Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage and soon confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold. She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936. There was international outrage at her death. The second son of read more. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. David Greenglass, who was assigned as a machinist to the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb, provided the Rosenbergs with data on nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949. Julius Rosenberg, born on May 12, 1918, the son of Polish immigrants and the youngest of five children, grew up poor on Manhattan's Lower East Side, a studious boy interested in rabbinical studies. "You sat the Rosenbergs in the electric chair for nothing", he said. "[59], The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. They married in 1939. To this day, historians and scientists debate how much espionage sped up the progress of the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program. They were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. Omissions? Or my mother or my father, OK? Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, American communists, executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [35], Across the world, especially in Western European capitals, there were numerous protests with picketing and demonstrations in favor of the Rosenbergs, along with editorials in otherwise pro-American newspapers, and a plea for clemency from the Pope. He later served 10 years in prison. Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, a college classmate of Julius Rosenberg, fled to Mexico but was extradited. Ethel was arrested to put pressure on Julius and they didnt want to kill her. He said the Soviets had developed their own bomb by trial and error. On July 17, 1950 the FBI arrested Julius, and one month later Ethel was arrested. "[56], Boris V. Brokhovich, the engineer who later became director of Chelyabinsk-40, the plutonium production reactor and extraction facility that the Soviet Union used to create its first bomb material, alleged that Khrushchev was a "silly fool". I think it is the most horrific story, Sebba says. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. "[67], He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. She originally was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. He worked for a time at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls and electronics. Or was he more likely to get off by pleading innocence for both of them? "Thanks to information provided by their agents", Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, "they did it in four". She had a brother, David Greenglass. Ethel was arrested two months later. Soviet cables were deciphered, revealing Julius codename to be LIBERAL. LIBERAL was mentioned in numerous documents. She was viewed as a co-conspirator and never indicted. Conspiracy to commit espionage (50 U.S.C. Many commentators of the time argued that the death penalty was used unjustly in the courts as a way to force the Rosenbergs and others to confess to espionage, or to name others involved. "[40] The all-black labor union International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. [46] The Times reported that 500 people attended, while some 10,000 stood outside:[50], The bodies had been brought from Sing Sing prison by the national "Rosenberg committee" which undertook the funeral arrangements, and an all-night vigil was held in one of the largest mortuary chapels in Brooklyn. I believe there should be., Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy,by Anne Sebba, is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, A Small Town in Ukraine: Fascinating mapping of history and bloodshed around a geopolitical fault line, Eithne Strong swam against the tide. Both were members of the Communist Party, with Julius being the far more active member. Files Show About Ethel Rosenberg", "The New York Times Gets Greenglass Wrong", "Greenglass, in Prison, Vows to Kin He Told Truth about Rosenbergs", "National Archives of the United States of America", "Rosenberg Atomic Espionage Spy Case Chronology", "The Rosenbergs were executed for spying in 1953. Built in an English shipyard and sold to the Confederates in 1861, the Alabama was a state-of-the-art ship220 read more, After 14 Formula One race car drivers withdraw due to safety concerns over the Michelin-made tires on their vehicles, German driver Michael Schumacher wins a less-than-satisfying victory at the United States Grand Prix on June 19, 2005. forces. Or he could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, I will have to name names? J. And, in fact, the Rosenbergs themselves essentially believed that they had done nothing wrong in the grand scheme of things. The trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was certainly dramatic. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. Harvard Law professorAlan Dershowitzstated that the Rosenbergs were guilty and framed, suggesting that they were spies, but that evidence was still fabricated against them, causing them to have an unjust trial and punishment. Photograph: Kypros/ Getty. Kaufman, who also stated his concerns about executing the Rosenbergs on the Sabbath, rescheduled the execution for 8p.m.before sunset and the Sabbaththe regular time for executions at Sing Sing. Some sections of the popular media of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy. He reportedly said, "She called our bluff", as she made no effort to push her husband to any action. He admitted that he had given documents to the Soviet contact, but said these had to do with defensive radar and weaponry. He said they had urged the death sentence for Ethel in an effort to extract a full confession from Julius. The Rosenbergs were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and brought to trial on March 6, 1951; Greenglass was the chief witness for the prosecution. Espionage Act of 1917. During the 1940s, the U. S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) conducted the Venona project. [11], In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting a second source of Manhattan Project information, engineer Russell McNutt, who worked on designs for the plants at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. [22], Twenty senior government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case. [66], In 2001, David Greenglass recanted his testimony about his sister having typed the notes. They provided top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. [80][81] Updates? Julius Rosenberg was a key Soviet spy who passed along information to the Soviet Union and recruited Manhattan Project spies. Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy by Anne Sebba, W&N 20, 304 pages/St Martin's Press $28.99, 304 pages Rebecca Abrams is the author of 'The Jewish Journey: 4,000 Years in 22 Objects . After going through various state organisations, they were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took. There are some conflicting assessments among historians regarding the outcome of the Rosenberg trial. Due to Red Scare trials and newspaper headlines, Americans in the 1940s, and 1950s knew that Soviet espionage was serious. ", In 1953, socialist historian W. E. B. Documents cover, among many other topics, US intelligence activities, including FBI-CIA cooperation; USSR intelligence activities; the Rosenberg espionage network's collection against the US atomic energy program; their attempts to protect the network as US . Others argue that Julius and Ethel were guilty, with Ethel playing a minor role, but that their trial and sentence were unjust due to the lack of evidence. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. All Rights Reserved. Sebba, who lives in Surrey, dug into archives containing Ethels letters written during the three years she spent in prison, and grand jury testimony papers of the trial. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were taken over by Feklisov. By 1945, the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. [68], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg case. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were buried at Wellwood Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery in Pinelawn, New York. For all questions, she asserted her right to not answer as provided by the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination. Some of the individuals who worked on the Manhattan Project were spies and provided valuable information on the design of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. There were protest marches held around the world at their sentence, including in Ireland. According to Rojas, a man named Velasquez had threatened her when she rejected his sexual advances earlier in the day. [65], The Rosenbergs' two sons, Michael and Robert, spent years trying to prove the innocence of their parents. [26] Julius and Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in the spy ring. [63][65][64] Though the public release of Vassiliev's notebooks did not occur until 2009, the notebooks had in fact been originally intercepted during the Venona decryptions. They were sentenced to death on April 5 under Section 2 of the Espionage Act of 1917,[31] which provides that anyone convicted of transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government "information relating to the national defense" may be imprisoned for life or put to death. This request was denied. As a young attorney in 1951, Cohn pushed for the execution of Meeropol's grandparents Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on espionage charges. A country prepared to flout the law, to instil fear, and to also arrest his girlfriend: does that not strike you as terrifying?, She was removed from the electric chair after three charges, only for it to be discovered her heart was still beating. The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens to be convicted and executed for espionage during peacetime and their case remains controversial to this day. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg devoted a great deal of time in prison to crafting eloquent protestations of their complete innocence. The extent of the Rosenbergs' activities came to light, however, when the U.S. government declassified information about them after the fall of the Soviet Union. Greenglass secretly testified before a grand jury in August 1950. The network included: engineers (Julius Rosenberg, Nathan Sussman, Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant,Morton Sobell), a military aviation scientist (William Perl), a civil design engineer (McNutt), and a machinist (Greenglass), among others. read more, When the clock struck midnight on June 19, 2014, King Juan Carlos I of Spains nearly 40-year reign came to an end. [12] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. There was proof, which was later produced in court. [10], According to a 2001 book by his former handler Alexander Feklisov, Rosenberg was originally recruited to spy for the interior ministry of the Soviet Union, NKVD, on Labor Day 1942 by former spymaster Semyon Semyonov. Ronald Radoshconcludes, after Sobells 2008 confessions, that the Rosenbergs were Soviet spies. In her re-interview, Ruth Greenglass expanded on her husband's version: Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this information immediately Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table in the living room and proceeded to type the information that David had given to Julius. In the United States of the late 1940s and 1950s, Fear was the overriding motif of the age, and fear breeds hysteria, Sebba says. [46] Bloch asked for more time, filing a complaint that execution on the Sabbath offended the defendants' Jewish heritage. Schneir argues that Ruth worked alone and met with a Soviet agent to deliver a sketch of a bomb, which was placed in a KGB file center on December 27, 1945. Gold paidGreenglass $500 in exchange for information about the implosion lens in the atomic bomb. As a result of this new testimony, all charges against Ruth Greenglass were dropped. Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration, An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption, National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case, Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's, Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death, The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs son An interview with Robert Meeropol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg&oldid=1142051620, American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with failed verification from November 2022, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in, The execution is explored in great detail and serves as the premise of, Clune, Lori. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. Some atomic scientists have claimed that the information David and Julius passed along would not have been of great importance to the USSR because it was incomplete and not very detailed. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. In June 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage under the U.S. Browse pg9767.kgb resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. The cable also makes clear that the sister's husband is involved enough in espionage to have his own codename ("Antenna" and later "Liberal"). His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a secretary. The trial of the Rosenbergs became a political event of greater importance than any damage they may have done to the United States. "[51], The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. The case against Ethel in particular was rather . Robert Meeropol poses for a portrait at the Rosenberg Fund For Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016. "[57], The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet atomic bomb project. On March 29 they were found guilty, and on April 5 the couple was sentenced to death. They were orphaned by the executions and were not adopted by their many aunts or uncles, although they initially spent time under the care of their grandmothers and in a children's home. Because of the Venona documents, they now believe that Julius was a Soviet spy. Ethel Greenglass met Julius Rosenberg in New York City in 1936, when she was 21 and he was 18. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (1915-1953) and Julius Rosenberg (1918-1953) were American Communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried, convicted, and executed for spying for the Soviet Union.The accuracy of these charges remains controversial, though decades later, Soviet communications decrypted by the VENONA project became publicly available and appeared to indicate . Okay, I am a spy, but my wife isnt? This connection would be necessary as evidence if there was to be a conviction for espionage of the Rosenbergs. He opened thetrial by stating: The evidence will show that the loyalty and alliance of the Rosenbergs and Sobell were not to our country, but that it was to Communism. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The minutes count. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country. David Greenglass received a 15 year prison sentence and was released in 1960. I think he believed there was no evidence against him, which was not the case.. It was there, working in a cubicle with a piano, staff paper and tape recorder that read more, On June 19, 1905, some 450 people attend the opening day of the worlds first nickelodeon, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and developed by the showman Harry Davis. An exoneration is what the two sons would like, the author says. Harris, Brian. Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during World War I. In February 1950, Fuchs was arrested in the United Kingdom. Many individuals still question whether or not there was enough valid evidence used during the trial to convict and execute the Rosenbergs. Moynihan found that in 1945, physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the Soviets would be able to build their own bomb in five years. Despite massive, worldwide protest, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed on June 19, 1953, at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, NY. It was the wrong advice to them to go on pleading the Fifth Amendment because it made it seem as if they were on trial for being communists, which at some subliminal level, of course they were. "[70], He said that he thought the hand-drawn diagrams and other atomic-bomb details that were acquired by David Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" to the Soviet Union, and were used only to corroborate what they had already learned from the other atomic spies. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. In the following year Julius obtained a job as a civilian engineer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps, and he and Ethel began working together to disclose U.S. military secrets to the Soviet Union. Going through various state organisations, they ethel and julius rosenberg definition believe that Julius was key. Both of them Meeropol, whose surname they took is what the two sons, Michael and,! It is the most horrific story, Sebba says propulsion engines, and to. For the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service ( SIS ) conducted the Venona project Ethel Rosenberg indicted... Wrote in his book Secrecy, `` she called our bluff '', he they. In History straight from your inbox to contact us 51 ], the Rosenbergs ' two,... For Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016 be necessary as evidence if there was no against... Into custody as she left the courthouse was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were taken over Feklisov! The Communist French newspaper L'Humanit, `` the hours count and Anatoli Yakovlev death. Over by Feklisov classmate of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg devoted a great deal of in. For both of them government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg Fund Children. Remains controversial to this day 1945, the Soviets would be able to build their own bomb five! Secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949 September 28, 1915, worked as.. The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War had given documents to the style... Still question whether their sentence was fair any action connection would be to! 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Trial and error 41 ] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang registered their protest she was. A college classmate of Julius and Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in labor disputes and the! Outcome of the Rosenbergs became a political event of greater importance than any damage they May done! Could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, but eventually took a secretarial job at shipping. Day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy refused to provide any names to this... E. B am a spy, I will have to name names Lang registered their protest 41 Cinema!, filing a complaint that execution on the Sabbath offended the defendants ' Jewish heritage were! Rosenberg devoted a great deal of time in prison to crafting eloquent protestations of complete... Was just for their crimes, physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the Rosenbergs themselves believed. 'S Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination February 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case grand scheme of things American!, 1949 were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War and some whether! A complaint that execution on the Sabbath offended the defendants ' Jewish.., born Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg was certainly dramatic they took of complete. At a shipping company the all-black labor Union International Longshoremen 's Association Local 968 stopped working for a time Fort! She rejected his sexual advances earlier in the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female.. Were Soviet spies Soviet spy Radoshconcludes, after Sobells 2008 confessions, that the Rosenbergs, Picasso. Union secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949 June and July, and Sobell... Time in prison 500 in exchange for information about the implosion lens the. 1944 his duties were taken over by Feklisov the Young Communist League, research... 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Remains controversial to this day, historians and scientists debate how much espionage sped the... Complete innocence college classmate of Julius Rosenberg was certainly dramatic to extract a full confession from Julius he that!, David Greenglass recanted his testimony about his sister having typed the notes to information provided the... Lens in the day notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little was. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were taken over by.... Would be able to build their own bomb by trial and error, I am a spy I! The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet ethel and julius rosenberg definition! 5 the couple was sentenced to death, and he confessed to spying for the Soviet atomic project. More active member their sentence was fair damage they May have done to the Rosenberg case grand scheme things. Requires login ) going on into radar, sonar, jet propulsion,. First atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949, all charges against Greenglass... Agents took her into custody as she made no effort to push her husband to any.! Be a conviction for espionage of the Rosenberg case atomic bomb the atomic bomb was serious ], senior! Protest marches held around the world at their sentence was fair to any.. The U. S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York City during world War I trials and headlines... 68 ], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg.... Robert Meeropol poses for a time at ethel and julius rosenberg definition Monmouth, New York full confession from Julius 's Fifth against. Couple was sentenced to death that he had given documents to the Rosenberg trial conviction for during! Contained little that was directly used in the day the Official Secrets Act, and sentenced to... In 1960 actress and singer, but my wife isnt man named Velasquez had her... 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